Quality of life Indexes
Arguably, one of the most widely valued social indicators is happiness. Social researchers often use the term quality of life (QOL) to describe what is commonly called “happiness.” One of the leading pioneers of happiness research is Dr. Ruut Veenhoven Happy Life Years#References, emeritus-professor of 'social conditions for human happiness' at Erasmus University Rotterdam in the Netherlands. He is also one of the chief critics of one of the most widely used QOL indexes, the Human Development Index (HDI) published by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). His 1996 paper “Happy Life-Expectancy, A Comprehensive Measure of Quality-of Life in Nations”, which appeared in the journal Social Indicators Research, proposed an alternative QOL index, called ‘happy life expectancy,’ (HLE). HLE may be a better indicator of happiness as it relies on subjective measures of happiness, as opposed to the largely materialistic measures that go into creating the HDI.
SAFETY
Never use bare wires and conductors for electricity extensions.
Always use proper plugs and switches.
Do not use electricity cables for hanging clothes.
Always use automatic voltage regulator with delayed start for deep freezers, refrigerator and televisions etc.
Always use proper capacitors MCBs (Miniature Circuit Breakers) with air-conditioners.
Do not touch metallic parts of the washing machine, electric motors and pedestal fans with out removing electricity connections.
Use proper size fuses at each stage.
CONSERVATION OF ELECTRICITY
Always cut down unwanted switch off lights, machinery and other electrical appliances when not in use.
Use florescent lamps and mercury vapor lamps in place of conventional electric lamps.
Use proper size capacitors for fans, motors i.e. inductive loading.
Human Development Index
The HDI measures average achievements based on three dimensions: 1. life-span, as measured by life expectancy at birth. 2. Education, as measured by the adult literacy rate and average amount of years spent in school in adults over 25 3. Standard of living, as measured by GDP per capita in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms in US dollars. Veenhoven is critical of the HDI because it measures QOL in terms of input, while never addressing to what extent these input provisions are in fact good for people. Furthermore, the HDI is a rather generalized index that gives a simple average of the three-dimensional achievements mentioned above, which can be expressed in this formula:
HDI = 1/3 (life expectancy index) + 1/3 (education index) + 1/3 (GDP index).
One can see that highly developed nations can have high life expectancy rates if those nations rely on excessive measures to keep a person alive. The HDI however does not account for the HOW of a particular dimension, but merely the NET RESULT. In the HDI, a hypothetical nation that had a life expectancy of say 100, would score very highly, regardless of how this nation sustained life. Using the actual HDI for 2004, China Economic history of China ranked number 22 out of 177 nations included in the HDI, right behind Germany (number 21 in the 2004 HDI). One of the reasons China ranked so highly was because its GDP was very high, although its education index and life expectancy are low when compared to other nations like the United States, Japan, or Germany.
“The most fundamental problem with this generation of QOL’s,” writes Veenhoven, “….is that they do not distinguish between means and ends, nor between societal input and societal output.” “Economic affluence,” he writes, “can hardly be seen as an end in itself.”[1] HLE does not mix means and ends; but rather, looks at societal output specifically. For example, while current QOL-indices will look at ‘healthcare’ and ‘health’ as a single indicator, HLE focuses on the ends, ‘health.’ This makes HLE a more specific index than traditional QOL-indices. The output centric method of HLE is also one of its shortcomings. Veenhoven says, “it is of little help in daily piecemeal decision making.”.”[1] He adds, “Because it is a long term measure, it reacts slowly….it is more analogous to climate change than to the weather.”.”
HLE, better QOL gauge
Nonetheless, the HLE may prove to be a better gauge and social tool in accessing what political and social policies can actually make a nation’s peoples happier in the long run. HLE uses eight ‘nation characteristics’ when calculating the ‘happy life-expectancy.’ These criteria (which are further individuated into more subjective determinants within the larger category) are: affluence, security, freedom, social equality, cultural climate, social climate, modernization, population pressure. In determining HLE scores, Veenhoven multiplied standard-life expectancy by a happiness index correlated from the eight characteristics listed above. Iceland had the highest HLE observed by Veenhoven’s method, while Bulgaria had the lowest. Interestingly the HLE was not found to be related to unemployment, state welfare, or income equality, nor to religiousness and trust in institutions.